The origins of the ancient supernova of A.D. 1181 remained a mystery for 840 years.

The remnants of the oldest documented supernova, which Chinese astronomers documented in A.D. 185 (not the supernova of A.D. 1181) (Image credit: X-ray: NASA/CXC/SAO & ESA; Infared: NASA/JPL-Caltech/B. Williams (NCSU))

In the 12th century, Chinese and Japanese astronomers spotted a new light in the sky shining as brightly as Saturn. They identified it as a powerful stellar explosion known as a supernova and marked its approximate location in the sky — but its cause remained a mystery.

Now, astronomers say they have solved the 840-year-old puzzle: Two extremely dense stars collided in the Milky Way and caused a supernova. The explosion likely resulted in the formation of a sizzling-hot star, now known as Parker’s star, and a nebula, an expanding shell of gas and dust, called Pa 30.

This supernova, or the so-called Chinese Guest Star, of A.D. 1181 — which remained visible from Aug. 6 to Feb. 6 of that year — is only one of nine historically recorded supernovas in our galaxy, according to the study, published Sept. 15 in The Astrophysical Journal Letters. Astronomers have identified the remnants of only a handful of these supernovas, but the Chinese Guest Star was the only supernova of the last millennium whose remnants were yet to be found.

Some previous studies had suggested that another nebula, known as 3C 58, which is located near the marked location of the supernova, might be its remnants. But many factors, such as the age of the nebula, cast doubt on this theory. “Until now, there was no other viable candidate known for the remnant,” the authors wrote in the study.

Astronomers discovered nebula Pa 30 in 2013. Then, in the new study, the researchers calculated how fast Pa 30 is expanding. They found that it was ballooning at a blistering 684 miles per second (1,100 kilometers per second). Knowing this rate, they calculated that the nebula must have been born around 1,000 years ago, which would place its origins around the time of this ancient supernova.

The researchers also had historical documents describing the star. “The historical reports place the Guest Star between two Chinese constellations, Chuanshe and Huagai. Parker’s Star fits the position well,” Albert Zijlstra, a professor of astrophysics at The University of Manchester in the U.K., said in a statement. “That means both the age and location fit with the events of 1181.”

Previously, researchers had proposed that Pa 30 and Parker’s star resulted from the merger of two white dwarfs, extremely dense stars that have used up all of their nuclear fuel, according to the statement. Such mergers lead to a relatively faint and rare type of supernova known as a Type lax supernova.

The A.D. 1181 supernova was faint and faded very slowly, suggesting  it was likely a Type lax supernova, Zijlstra said in the statement. “Combining all this information — such as the age, location, event brightness and historically recorded 185-day duration” — suggests that Parker’s star and Pa 30 are the remnants of this ancient supernova, Zijlstra said.

This is the only known Type lax supernova for which astronomers can conduct detailed studies on the remnant star and nebula, he added. “It is nice to be able to solve both a historical and an astronomical mystery,” Zijlstra said.